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CLOUD FORMATION ON THE FAULT LINES As
the tectonic forces push the plates or sections of the plate against
each other of past each other, stresses build up in some subvolume of
rocks. At constant speed of the pushing, the stresses increase non-linearly,
meaning the they will sooner or later "go through the roof"
(that's when the EQ occurs). But before that "point of no return"
in reached, positive hole charge carriers are activated in the stressed
rock volume. These are electronic charges that can move around rocks
rather freely. They come to the surface and build up very high electric
fields on the Earth's surface. These are NOT high voltages, but high
fields where the electric field is given by the voltage divided by the
distance. If the voltage is just a few volts but the distance is only
a few nanometers or tens of nanometers (one billionth of a meter), the
electric fields reach values around one million volt per centimeter.
This is plenty enough to ionize the air near the ground (by air molecules
loosing an electron to the surface). The positively charged ions becoem
airborne and drift or convect upward. Each ion can serve as a condensation
nucleus for a water droplet. Where and when (even whether) clouds form
above the fault will depend very very critically upon the relative humidity
and temperature of the air as a function of altitude.
Electromagnetic
effects caused by earthquakes and explosions Chapter
5. Atmosphere electric effects Cloud eld response to nuclear tests L. I. MorozovaInstitute of Geology and Geophysics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan The paper deals with the dynamics of linear anoma-lies in the cloud eld over faults following nuclear blastsin Kazakhstan and China in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Theauthor
uses the NOAA technique of analyzing meteo-rological satellite pictures
with a scale of 1:25,000,000,which was previously employed in the connection
between major earthquakes and related
cloud anomalies(CA). At June 14, 1988, the blast occurs on 0227 with amagnitudeM= 5:5. The rst satellite picture (SP),taken at 3:47, shows that weather at the testing sitewas fair with some clouds. The next SP, at 1051 (8hr after the blast), shows after decoding two CAs 550km westward of the site: coordinates of their ends were:52 N, 67 E { 50 N, 69 E; 48 N, 65 E { 50 N, 70 E(see the sketch map on Figure 1). Another orbit of thesatellite shows that these CAs disappeared and they arereplaced with a new one, closer to the testing range,meridional, looking like an anomalously broad (againstthe others) 50-km long cloud-free \corridor" amidst amass of clouds: the length was 375 km and coordinates52 N, 72 E { 49 N, 72 E. An SP taken next shows noCA. Which of the CAs { earlier in rising or located closerCopyright 1995 by the American Geophysical Union. 1069 {3513/95/3001{0012$18.00/1to the test site { as resulting of the explosion remainsunknown. The CA nearest to the site CA emerged overa fault 11 hours after the event.The second explosion, withM= 6:3, went o at 0400am on September 14, 1988. On the day before, a suc-cession of CAs had been observed to emerge above thefaults from the west and drift eastward alongside withclouds at the back of a cyclone. An SP taken beforethe blast, at 0342, had revealed no sign of CA through-out the whole zone of radiovision. Later, at 0914, thereemerged only one CA with the following coordinates:53 N, 86 E { 47 N, 93 E. O the test range two moreCAs were observed to rise at 1052: one of them, 1,375km long, crossed the test site, with the coordinates of56 N, 69 E { 45 N, 84 E; the other was oriented acrossthe rst one at a distance of 150 km away from thesite with the following coordinates: 51N, 79 E { 53 N,88 E. On a SP taken at 1324 there still was a CA overthe testing ground, but this time over a dierent fault(52 N, 76 E { 48 N, 84 E). The second CA, farthesteast in the sketch map, was 1,100 km long, extendingfrom 55 N, 80 E to 48 N, 95 E.A picture taken at 2314 showed two CAs, one of themfor a second time, over the fault running along the testsite, with a northwesterly orientation. Their coordinateswere 56 N, 69 E { 52 N, 76 E. From 2314 to 0055 ofSeptember 15, the CA over this fault stayed in the areawith the coordinates of 56N, 69 E { 50 N, 78 E. Satel-lite pictures taken later show no CAs over the area.The explosion of January 22, 1989, with magnitudeofM= 6:2 was clocked at 0357. An SP preceding theblast had shown no CAs; therefore the three parallelnorthwest-oriented CAs shown by the rst SP taken fourhours after the explosion, at 0758, can be viewed as itsconsequence. The largest of them, 1,250 km long withcoordinates of 54 N, 72 E { 45 N, 85 E, emerged overthe site right over the fault that had been traced earlier.The remaining two short CAs were located southwestof the big one (51 N, 70 E { 50 N, 73 E; 53 N, 69 E {51 N, 73 E).The next satellite picture, taken at 1420, revealedonly one CA to the east of the testing range. It stretchedalong the 82nd meridian from 48to 50 N. A third ses-sion likewise showed no CA despite plenty of cloud eldsin the sky. This leads us to believe that all CAs of theday before had been due to the nuclear blast.The explosion of July 8, 1989,M= 5:8, took placeat 0346. The rst SP, taken four hours later at 0804,88 morozova: cloud field response89showed three northwest-oriented CAs amidst the onlycloud formation over the Tarim plateau. Later SPsshowed no clouds at all.On September 2, 1989, an explosion measuringM=5:6 went o at 0416. The rst SP at 0827 showed clearskies over the studied area. The ones taken at 1336 and1517 revealed a 1,200-km long latitudinal CA in a cloudeld west of the range that, as shown by the picturetaken at 1500, merged with a short CA of northwesterlyorientation. The latitudinal CA was observable 180 kmnorth of the testing range for at least two hours. The next SP was free of cloud anomalies. September 19, 1989. An explosion with magnitude ofM= 6:1 took place at 0949. On the day of the event,the skies over the area were cloudless. At 0827 of the fol-lowing day, four CAs emerged southwest of the site, in acloud formation enclosed in a geographical grid rectan-gle with the coordinates 45 {50 N, 75 {80 E. The nextSP, taken at 1401, showed a CA just where the south-ernmost of the previous four had been observed, butthis time it was twice as long and its coordinates were 49 N, 73 E { 45 N, 77 E.China conducted two nuclear tests during the periodunder investigation, both in 1990; on both occasions theskies over the testing site were not very cloudy.The explosion of May 26, at 0800, had a magnitudeofM= 5:4. The rst SP, taken 8 minutes later, showedtwo groups of CAs: three CAs of northwesterly orien-tation over the Tarim massif; and, northeast of them, aCA of northwesterly orientation with the coordinates of47 N, 80 E { 44 N, 85 E, and one more running acrossit, with the coordinates 46N 82 E { 48 N, 88 E. By1329 there remained only one CA (39N, 75 E { 38 N,85 E) which was observable for 14 hours within thespace bounded by 39 N, 78 E { 38 N, 84 E.The explosion on August 16,M= 6:2, went oat 0459. The rst satellite picture of 0816 showed aCA of south- westerly orientation passing over the test-ing range (39 N, 87 E { 43 N, 93 E). On August 17the skies were cloudless in the region. The blast’s at-mospheric after-eects recurred on August 18 at 2159,when a latitudinal 1,500-km long CA appeared over thetest site stretching from 41N, 71 E to 42 N, 94 E. This CA may have appeared immediately after the explosion,but it cannot be said for sure, since there are no earlier satellite pictures available. A comparison of the moments of post-explosion CA emergence in Kazakhstan with those in China makes itclear that in China the atmospheric response to blastsstarted earlier: after 8 minutes and 3 hours, respectively,while in Kazakhstan it took 4 hours to come. The rstSPs taken after Kazakh blasts lacked CAs, and this maybe due not to atmospheric peculiarities but to dierentviscosity and elasticity of the crust.The sketch map shows the spread of disturbancesfrom the testing sites via faults. The energy of the Semi-Figure 1. Total number of CAs for all test periods:(1) CAs after Semipalatinsk explosions; (2) CAs afterChinese explosions; (3) testing sites.palatinsk tests spreads over an area of about 300,000square kilometers, and that of the Chinese { over200,000.Satellite pictures can be helpful in following up thespread of disturbances from nuclear blasts through crus-tal faults using the dynamics of linear anomalies in thecloud eld over these faults. Ikeya 2004, Earthquakes and Animals
Prof. Dr. Motoji IKEYA, 2004 Earthquakes and Animals ISBN: 9812385916 Published By: World Scientific Pub.Co.,Singapore Publication Date: March 2004
Format: Cloth / Hardback, 48pages, 23cm height
Brief Description Those who survive major earthquakes often report the occurrence of mysterious phenomena beforehand. This work places in front of the reader the simple laboratory evidence for the behaviour of animals, plants and objects when they are subjected to intense electromagnetic pulses. Synopsis Those who survive major earthquakes often report the occurrence of mysterious phenomena beforehand - unusual animal and plant behavior, lightning, strange clouds and malfunctioning electrical appliances. In fact these stories are legendary the world over. But are they merely legends? Are the many people who report them just superstitious or suffering from over-active imaginations? This work brings objective science to bear on these old legends placing in front of the reader the simple laboratory evidence for the behaviour of animals, plants and objects when they are subjected to intense electromagnetic pulses. In many cases they behave in ways that have been recorded for centuries - and are still reported - as earthquake-related. Written for both the general public and scientists, "Earthquakes and Animals" demonstrates without mathematics and by means of many simulation experiments a physical basis for the old earthquake legends. It also adds to the science of earthquake prediction and cautiously suggests a legitimate new field of study - electromagnetic seismology. Table of Contents Legends on Unusual Phenomena Before Earthquakes Human Wisdom or Superstition?; Precursor Statements: Earthquakes at Kobe, Izmit and Taiwan; Elementary Earth Science and Electromagnetism; Unusual Animal Behavior I: What Do They Detect? Electric Field Effects; Unusual Animal Behavior II: Rock Compression and Disturbed Circadian Rhythms; Unusual Plant Reactions Before Earthquakes; Atmospheric Precursors: Earthquake Lights, Clouds, Rainbows, Sun, Stars, Moon and Auroras; Precursor Phenomena in Land, Sea and Elsewhere; Mysteries Before Earthquakes Electric
Appliance Behavior; Monitoring Seismo-Electromagnetic Signals (SEMS)
and Animal Behavior; Earthquake Forecast and Disaster Prevention. Fujita Research is a company with a simple mission - to create harmony between people, the environment and technology through sustainable development in construction. We already market several innovative products and, together with industry partners, are working to develop real solutions to the problems of the 21st centruy construction industry.
1. Introduction As staff at Fujita are familiar with VAN, and the work of Professor Varotsos, this report focuses on other, non-VAN, methods of predicting earthquakes. It includes two of the precursors recognized by the IASPEI sub-commission on earthquake prediction: water level changes and increases in concentrations of Radon gas in deep wells. It also examines some phenomena which have not been so recognized: increased low frequency noise, tilt precursors, concentration of anions in ground water, and thermal anomalies. The quality of the research presented is quite variable. Some is based on many well-documented measurements with a high degree of reproducibility. Some is based on single measurements by a single instrument for a single earthquake. However, with the uncertainties associated with earthquake prediction-work, no plausible technique has been discounted, but is instead presented together with some idea of the data-quality on which the work is based. 2. Ground Water Levels Changing water levels in deep wells is recognized by the IASPEI as a significant precursor to earthquakes. Perhaps part of the reason for this is explained by the discoveries of German scientists working at “KTB”, which is planned to be the deepest hole ever drilled in the earth’s crust (to 10 km). At a depth of 3 900 m the researchers struck water. A heavy brine with a salinity twice that of sea water, it was at a temperature of 118°C and contained 80% by volume of gases in solution, principally N2(70%) and CH4 (29%). The discovery of this brine led the researchers to postulate a “crustal ocean”, with tides, currents, and flows, all of which could conceivably react to seismic activity. No simple model exists to connect pre- or co-seismic fluctuation of ground water levels to this crustal ocean. Lomnitz (3) considers that, ultimately, the mechanism will be found to be related to pressure changes, rather than changes in volume in the focal region (as most geophysicists currently believe). Such regional pressure changes, can be detected at deep wells. The sensitivity of deep wells to seismic activity is remarkably varied. A number of deep wells in China are reported (4) to be extremely sensitive to changes in pressures, and can reliably detect earthquakes occurring halfway round the world. This observed sensitivity is probably due to their being quite protected from surface noise (rainfall, seasonal effects, etc.). As a result, China relies a great deal on deep wells for earthquake prediction. Indeed, over 100 research wells in excess of 1000 m deep have been drilled solely for earthquake prediction purposes. In these wells, water levels are continually monitored to ±0.5 cm and temperatures to ±0.01°C. Japan also relies to some extent on such wells - some 93 wells are monitored for earthquakes. In general a pre-seismic variations at observation wells follows this sequence: 1)
A gradual lowering of water levels of a period of months or years In the monitoring of water levels in deep wells, care must be taken to correct the data for “earth tides”. This is due either to volume changes caused in fractured aquifers by tidal strain, or perhaps by changes in gravitational acceleration alone. In either case, it is important that data is corrected for this phenomenon. In addition water extraction from the aquifer must also be considered. In many part’s of the planet the water table is falling due to water abstraction for drinking and irrigation. It is quite possible that such drops could be mistaken for a long-term seismic precursor. Case Study One: Tangshan Earthquake, China The Tangshan earthquake occurred in the Hebei Province of China at 0342hrs on 28 July 1976. A magnitude 7.6 quake, it occurred in an area considered to be relatively “non-seismic” and resulted in the deaths of between 240 000 and 650 000 people. A mining area, the subsurface geology of the region was well known, and many records of water levels in wells and pumping rates in mines were available for analysis following the earthquake. Indeed the Tangshan quake provides the largest known dataset for determination of precursor groundwater anomalies. Of particular interest is the pumping record from the Tangshan mine, which has kept records since 1923, and since that time has shown a generally stable signal with no seasonal fluctuation (probably due to the deep nature of the mine). For several years prior to the 1976 earthquake the required pumping rate dropped, initially very slowly, and then at an exponential rate. At a point between two days and three hours before the main shock a rapid reverse occurred in this trend, with pumping rates increasing from 25 m3sec-1 to 75 m3sec-1 immediately before the shock. Outside the mines other wells in the region reported similar trends. Over the preceding years water-levels across the region had dropped, with a number of wells drying-up altogether. From 3hrs to 4 min before the shock many wells became artesian. There was also a very large co-seismic rise of up to several meters. Outside the region, an 8 cm increase in water level was observed at least one well (d=125 km). Following the identification of this trend of a long period of lowering water table followed by a sharp rise, mine records were analyzed to see if similar trends could be observed for other earthquakes. Clear signals were seen for both the 1969 Bohai earthquake (M=7.4 d=200 km) and the 1945 Luan Xian earthquake (M=4.1 d=55 km).
The results of the study showed that the chemical composition of the water changed significantly in the period around the Kobe earthquake. From June 1993 to July 1994 chloride (aq) concentrations were almost constant (13.7-14.1 ppm). Between July 1994 and Jan 1995 a steady rise was observed to 15 ppm. Levels of sulphate also showed a similar rise. However, the rise is not particularly useful from a predictive point of view, as levels of chloride (aq) and sulphate (aq) did not peak until the end of Feb 1995, decreasing throughout March to their former levels. 4.
Radon Gas in Ground Water Wells Case Study Two: Spring at Bad Brambach (Vogtland, Germany) (6) Researchers at Bad Bramburgh in Germany have been monitoring the local springs for radon and CO2 levels since 1989, with improved equipment installed in 1992. The region is subject to numerous microearthquakes (M<4.0), which on some occasions occur at such high frequencies as to be considered “swarmquakes”. Over the last five years they have found that radon anomalies are associated with seismic events. Unfortunately from the predictive point of view these anomalies may be noted before, during, or after an earthquake. Despite not being suitable for prediction of seismic events, the radon anomalies observed at Bad Bramburgh have produced some useful information about the mechanism by which radon levels increase. Measurement of CO2 has shown strong correlation between concentration of the gas and that of Radon. It is suggested that tectonic stress-strain triggers CO2 outgassing which, in turn, acts as a carrier for Radon gas. The d13C values (-3.5 to -3.7‰) of elevated CO2 concentrations confirm that it does indeed come from old groundwater rather than the more surficial groundwater which accounts for 20-40% of spring output. Case Study Three: Kobe Earthquake, Japan (7) Over the last twenty years the University of Tokyo and the Geological Society in Japan have monitored radon levels in groundwater in an effort to predict earthquakes in eastern Japan. One such well is located in the southern part of Nishinomiya city, about 30 km NE of the epicenter of the M=7.2 Kobe earthquake of 17 Jan 1995. The well was first monitored between 26 Nov and 02 Dec 1993, with continual monitoring starting on 27 Oct 1994. During
the 1993 observation period, concentrations of radon were stable at
20Bq/l. By the end of Nov 1994 levels had increased to 60Bq/l. On 7
Jan 1995 a huge increase in radon concentration was observed (to ca.
250Bq/l). These high levels dropped suddenly on 10 Jan, one week before
the earthquake. By the time of the earthquake levels had returned to
about 30 Bq/l, levels confirmed when the station came back on-line on
22 Jan (monitoring equipment had been damaged by the main shock). 5.
Tilt Precusors Case Study Four: The Rapel Reservoir, Chile The Rapel Reservoir in Chile is a site at which an extremely good dataset has permitted accurate measurement of tilt prior to a seismic event. Water levels in the reservoir have been measured at two sites (20 km apart) since 1980. About eight months before an earthquake on 3 March 1985 (M=7.9) the levels measured at the two gauges began to show differences due to tilt of the underlying lakebed - differences which increased until 9 months after the shock. The maximum tilt was 13 cm, measured over the 20 km baseline. The shock occurred when the tilt was approximately 0.3 of this maximum value (ca. 4 cm), but no co-seismic perturbation in tilt appeared. 6.
VLF Background Noise As early as 1985 the research group had established a detection network around Tokyo, consisting of six fixed and three mobile stations. Background noise was measured at three frequencies 82kHz (LF), 1525Hz (VLF) and 36Hz (ELF). Between 1986 and 1991 the group claimed to have observed precursors for 20 earthquakes, but no significant details of these were published in the reviewed paper. As a result, the IASPEI reviewed earlier papers by Yoshino’s researchers and also a number by Dr. Gokhberg and his Russian team (10) who reported similar measurements of increased LF, VLF, and ELF noise prior to earthquakes. The conclusions of the IASPEI were cautious. They were not convinced that a mechanism existed for the transmission of signals from the great depths of the earthquakes (ca. 480 km) which Yoshino claimed generated the signals. Also, there was some confusion about exactly what Yoshino and co-workers were describing as anomalies. Indeed, the panel was more convinced by the observations of Gokhberg and co-workers, who observed three distinct build-ups of noise in the LF (81-82 kHz) prior to three seismic events, after which the observed noise dropped by ca. 10dB. However, even in this case there seem to have been no reported occurrences since late 1981. The panel has not ruled out the possibility that some electromagnetic signals may be noted before earthquakes. Clearly, more research in this field will be necessary in order to assess the value of LF, VLF, and ELF measurements. 7.
Thermal Anamoly Case Study Five: The Datong Earthquake On 18 Oct 1989, the Shaxi Province of China was hit by the Datong earthquake (M=6.1 epicenter = 39°57’N, 113°43’E, h=9km). From noon on Oct 15 - 2 am on Oct 16 an area of increasing temperature (ca. 300km long x 20 km wide) was observed running WSW-ENE around Datong. Within this area observed temperatures were 4° higher than in the surrounding mountains. From 2 am on Oct 16 the anomaly increased to a maximum value of 5-6°C higher than the surrounding area, a value reached 22 hours before the earthquake. Following the main shock the temperature anomaly began to decay. The pre-seismic temperature rise was accompanied by cloud formation . In the early phase this was a cloud 350 km x 50 km running generally SW-NE and centering around Datong. In the period of maximum anomaly it was a long thin (1800 x 30 km) cloud, running E-W. The Chinese researchers assert that this temperature anomaly and cloud formation were the direct result of what they term “earth-degassing”. They believe that the increased levels of CO2, H2 and water vapor (for which they present no data) lead to the creation of a localized greenhouse effect. Clearly the IASPEI panel was more cautious in the their review of the paper. Indeed, one member remarked that the paper as presented would not be accepted by any reputable research journal. Admittedly, the paper has been poorly translated, contains no primary data, and merely asserts that temperature increase is due to seismic activity rather than meteorological causes. Also, if such “degassing” occurs, it should be possible to measure directly, and again no supporting data is presented. However, the panel concludes that the method cannot be discounted without further research, and that, if the method could be proved, it would one of the most useful methods of earthquake prediction - able to cover vast areas and provide real-time data. Conclusions Nevertheless, this report has examined some techniques which show some success some of the time. The variability of the success of these techniques (especially water level, radon concentration) is probably due to local geological factors as much as the actual existence of the phenomenon. For example, for a well to show changes it probably has to be in contact with an aquifer that is strained by the seismic processes leading to a particular earthquake. This would explain why some wells show no sensitivity despite being close to an epicenter (perhaps analogous to the “directivity effect” of VAN). Clearly there is much research still to be done before a reliable method of predicting earthquakes is developed - perhaps one never will be. But already it seems to be emerging that a combination of techniques can point to the fact that something is “going on” seismically, that stress is slowly increasing , and that something will give sometime soon. When that prediction becomes reliable then, though the scientific questions may have been answered, the political ones (when to warn citizens, and to evacuate them) will just be beginning.
2. Geophysical Research Letters, v.23 (1996) 3. C. Lomnitz, Fundamentals of Earthquake Prediction (1994) 4. ibid. 5. U.Tsunogai and H.Wakita, ‘Precursory Chemical Changes in Ground Water: Kobe Earthquake, Japan’ Science v.269 (1995) 6. U.Koch & Jens Heinicke, ‘Radon Behaviour in mineral Spring water of Bad Bramburgh (Vogtland, Germany) in the temporal vicinity of the 1992 Rörmond earthquake, the Netherlands’ Geologie en Mijnbouw v.73 (1994) pp399-406 7. G.Igarashi, ‘Ground-Water Radon Anomoly before the Kobe Earthquake in Japan’ Science v.269 (1995) pp. 60-61 8. Barrienntos and Kausel, reported in C. Lomnitz, Fundamentals of Earthquake Prediction (1994) 9. T. Yohino, ‘Increasing VLF Background Noise Level’ Pure and Applied Geophysics 149 (1997) pp.147-157 10. M. Gokhberg et al. , ‘Experimental Measurement of Electromagnetic Emissions Possibly related to Earthquakes in Japan’ Journalof Geophysical Research v.87 (1982) pp.7824-7828 11. Zu-ji Qiang et al. ‘Thermal Infrared Anomoly Precursor of Impending Earthquakes’ Pure and Applied Geophysics 149 (1997) pp.159-171 12. F.Y. Dusmukhamedov, ‘Lito-Atmospheric Re;lations before the Strong Earthquake in Central Asia’ in The Theory, Method and Practice of the Research of Geoindication, abstract, 3rd All-Union Meeting, Kiev, May 16-18 1989, 49-50 (in Russian)
Progress in Understanding of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling The
Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) model created recently
is able to explain simultaneously the thermal anomalies observed in
the boundary layer (BL) of atmosphere and ionospheric anomalies observed
in all layers of the ionosphere before strong earthquakes by common
physical mechanism, having as a principle source the air ionization
by increased radon release over active tectonic faults. We name these
anomalies as thermal and ionospheric branches of the model. But these
branches are not independent; they interact and provide the energy one
to another for self-development. Electric properties of the large ion
clusters change the chemical potential (work function of evaporation)
what makes the clusters more stable and permit to attach more water
molecules and consequently to release more latent heat. The thermal
energy released during the process of water molecules attachment to
ions creates the upward convective flux which is the source of the additional
electric field generation and amplification. The intermediate products
of this interaction between branches are increased concentration of
the aerosols in the boundary layer and formation of so called
earthquake clouds. 1.
Dimitar Ouzounov NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/SSAI, MS 698, Greenbelt,
MD 20771, USA
On the possibility of earthquake prediction In
the time of the foundation of today science hundreds and thousands years
ago the scientists were encyclopedic. Now the scientific specialization
is a little squeezed which is the price of successful progress in many
branches of mathematics, physics, geophysics, meteorology, astrophysics,
space research, biology and etcetera as well as in technology. Complex regional NETWORK for earthquake researching and imminent prediction
S. Cht. Mavrodiev1, L. Pekevski2 Abstract.
The project for complex Balkan- Black Sea region NETWORK for Prediction
the Earthquake’s Time, Place, Magnitude and Intensity Using Reliable
Precursors is proposed and shortly analyzed. The precursors list includes:
Usual geophysical and seismological monitoring of the region, including
Hydrochemical monitoring of water sources and their Radon and Helium
concentrations, Crust temperature, and Hydrogeodeformation field; Monitoring
of the electromagnetic field under, on and above Earth Surface; Meteorological
monitoring of the atmosphere, including earthquake clouds
and electrical charge distributions; Near space monitoring aimed to
estimate the Sun or Earth origin of variations; Biological precursors.
The Project is based on the temporary data acquisition system for preliminary
archiving, testing, visualizing and analyzing of the data with aim to
prepare regional daily risk estimation. Earthquake clouds and physical mechanism of their formation AA(Scientific Center of the Operative Monitoring of the Earth, of the Federal Russian Space Agency, Dekabristov str., vl.51, No.25, Moscow, MO 127490 Russian Federation ; ntsomz@ntsomz.ru), AB(Institute of Geophysics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegacion Coyoacan, Mexico City, DF 04510 Mexico ; pulse@geofisica.unam.mx) Publication:
The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere (LAI) coupling model created recently permitted to explain some unknown phenomena observed around the time of strong earthquakes. One of them is formation of special shape clouds, usually presented as the thin linear structures. It was discovered that these clouds are associated with the active tectonic faults or with the tectonic plate borders. They repeat the fault shape but usually are turned in relation to the fault position. Their formation is explained by the anomalous vertical electric field generated in the vicinity of active tectonic structure due to air ionization produced by the radon increased emanation. The new formed ions through the hydration process do not recombine and growth with time due to increased water molecules attachment to the ion. Simultaneously they move up driven by the anomalous electric field and drift in the crossed ExB fields. At the higher altitudes the large ion clusters become the centers of condensation and the cloud formation. Examples for the recent major earthquakes (Sumatra 2004, Kashmir 2005, Java 2006) are presented. The size and the angle of the cloud rotation in relation to the fault position permit to estimate the magnitude of the impending earthquake. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling model: Fundamentals and recent developments *
Pulinets, S A (pulse@geofisica.unam.mx), Institute of Geophysics,
UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegacion Coyoacan, Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico
Recent
theoretical and experimental studies within the frame of Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere
Coupling model (LAIC) permitted to generalize a common conception of
different kinds of specific variations of geochemical, atmospheric,
electromagnetic and ionospheric parameters observed before strong earthquakes.
1)
specific variations (usually increase) of radon emanation have place
for every earthquake; The simultaneous co-existence of several processes manifesting this coupling explains the variety of observed phenomena and enhances the reliability of etecting the future seismogenic signals. Interactive model improvement through data fusion using the data of satellite and ground based monitoring for the major recent earthquakes revealed new aspects of energy conversion from chemical reactions up to thermodynamics and electrodynamics. What
the people in Japan think about Earthquake clouds? The physics of 'earthquake clouds' are known by... 'non-laymen' as 'Earth Transient Clouds (ETrC)'. The physics behind the explanation of what causes this phenomena is something known as 'scalar physics'. This is a fairly recent area of research for ...'nonlaymen'. It causes some discomfort amongst seismologists. The clouds themselves appear in seconds and can cover the entire sky. They may look like jet trails, which may run roughly parallel with each other, or they might crisscross - as they did across northern Kyushu late today in fact. They also may look like a weird nest of snakes. They do not have a 'normal' cloud appearance. Experimental
Study of Cloud Formation by Intense Electric Fields Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan Cloud and fog formation under an electric field has been studied experimentally using a Wilson's cloud chamber with a supercooled atmosphere of ethanol. The threshold electric field to generate dense clouds using parallel plate electrodes was about 4 kV/m as estimated from the generated cloud position and from a model experiment of an electric field simulation using a water bath. Positive ions produced by the ionization of the atmosphere condense nuclei for the generation of fogs and clouds. Old legends and retrospective reports on earthquake fogs (EQFs) and clouds (EQCs) prior to a major shock may be elucidated by the condensation of vapor under an intense electric field, similar to earthquake lightning (EQL) due to electro-atmospheric arc and dark discharges. A plume cloud like a streamer discharge was produced from a needle electrode, which exhibited similarities to tornado-type clouds photographed before the Kobe earthquake. Electric discharges of clouds by a wired rocket or laser-induced lightning are suggested to terminate the electric energy for the upward vortex flow of a tornado. CHEMISTRY
The model suggested relates ionospheric and electromagnetic perturbations to the dynamics of charged aerosols in the lower atmosphere.
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